Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders, the most common group of mental illnesses, are characterized by severe fear or anxiety associated with particular objects and situations. Most people with anxiety disorders try to avoid exposure to the situation that causes anxiety.

1. •Panic disorder - the sudden onset of paralyzing terror or impending doom with symptoms that closely resemble a heart attack
   
   

2. •Phobias - excessive fear of particular objects (simple phobias), situations that expose a person to the possible judgment of others (social phobias), or situations where escape might be difficult (agoraphobia)
   
   

3. •Obsessive-compulsive disorder - persistent distressing thoughts (obsessions) that a person attempts to alleviate by performing repetitive, intentional acts (compulsions) such as hand washing
   
   

4. •Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - a psychological syndrome characterized by specific symptoms that result from exposure to terrifying, life-threatening trauma such as an act of violence, war, or a natural disaster
   

Mood Disorders

Mood disorders are also known as affective disorders or depressive disorders. These illnesses share disturbances or changes in mood, usually involving either depression or mania (elation). With appropriate treatment, more than 80% of people with depressive disorders improve substantially.

1. •Major depression - an extreme or prolonged episode of sadness in which a person loses interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities
   
   

2. •Bipolar disorder (also referred to as manic-depressive illness) - alternating episodes of mania ("highs") and depression ("lows")
   
   

3. •Dysthymia - continuous low-grade symptoms of major depression and anxiety
   
   

4. •Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) - a form of major depression that occurs in the fall or winter and may be related to shortened periods of daylight
   

Schizophrenia Disorders

Research has not yet determined whether schizophrenia is a single disorder or a group of related illnesses. The illness is highly complex, and few generalizations hold true for all people diagnosed with schizophrenia disorders. However, most people initially develop the symptoms between the ages of 15 and 25. Typically, the illness is characterized by thoughts that seem fragmented and difficulty processing information.

Symptoms of schizophrenia disorders are categorized as either "negative" or "positive." Negative symptoms include social isolation or withdrawal, loss of motivation, and a flat or inappropriate affect (mood or disposition). Positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders.

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